IIIF for Educators

1. Read: Kevin Terraciano, "Reading Between the Lines" (posted on Canvas)
2. Review and consider Examples section below

1. Read sections of Nahuatl Translation of Book 12 (use Lockhart translation) that are relevant to your topic (This link will take you to Book 12 with the Lockhart translation only selected)
2. Select three quotes from the Nahuatl translation of Book 12 of the Florentine Codex (use the Lockhart translation on the DFC). Remember to include the folio number for quotes and images. 
3. Provide the accompanying Spanish translation (if one exists) and image (if one exists).
4. Briefly comment on similarities and differences between one of your Nahuatl quotes and its Spanish translation and/or image.
5. Share the quotes and/or images with your group.

Tensions in the telling: Interpreting narrative inconsistencies between imagery, Spanish, and Nahuatl texts (in English translation) (click to open and close)

Reading Between the Lines: Introducing Malintzin

The following texts and image provide the first mention of Malintzin in Book 12. The excerpts in translation and commentaries reveal discrepancies in the ways that Malintzin was identified and the differing perspectives on her agency, importance, and humanity.  

Complete page

Spanish Text (ca 1575)	Nahuatl Text (ca 1545)
Spanish-English Translation Moteucçoma was told how the Spaniards were bringing along with them a Mexica [Nahuatl-speaking] Indian woman called Marina, a citizen of the settlement of Teticpac, on the shore of the North Sea [Caribbean], who served as interpreter and said in the Mexican language everything that Captain don Hernando Cortés told to her.	Nahuatl-English Translation And it was told, presented, made known, announced, and reported to Moteucçoma, and brought to his attention, that a woman, once of us people here, came accompanying them as interpreter. Her name was Marina and her homeland was Tepeticpac, on the coast, where they first took her.
Commentary The Spanish translation uses passive language to refer to Malintzin. Whereas the Nahuatl text states that Malintzin accompanied the Spaniards, the Spanish text says the Spaniards brought her along. She is reduced to Cortés mouthpiece, who just says what Cortés tells her. She is an "Indian," a term indigenous people never use to describe themselves. Note that Sahagún alters the name of Malintzin's birthplace and imposes a Spanish placename, "North Sea," to refer to the coastal region.	Commentary The Nahuatl text places great emphasis on the importance of Malintzin by using six verbs to say that emissaries told Moteuczoma about her. They refer to her as "one of us people here" (nican tlaca) a term used to distinguish between indigenous people and Spaniards; they do not call her a Mexica as her home was in Tepeticpac. The Nahuatl text suggests that she may have been a war captive, who was "taken" by the Spaniards, not given to them as Spanish narratives claim.

Pictorial Text (ca 1576)

Commentary

The image, drawn by an indigenous artist, most closely aligns with the Nahuatl alphabetic text. Malintzin is at the center of the image standing between indigenous emissaries (on left) and a seated Cortés (on right). Her hand gestures are parallel to those of Cortés, which conveys that she translates for him. Her forceful gestures convey the Spaniards insistence on going to Tenochtitlan and meeting Moteuczoma, a message that causes the Mexica ruler grave concern. The artist emphasizes her stature and importance by drawing her as the largest figure in the composition. 

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